Timeline of Events 2. Technology Burj Dubai Timeline 2. Events Technology. Barack. Obama is sworn in as 4. USABarack. Obama was inaugurated the 4. U. S. in. January 2. African American to hold office. His immediate actions were focused on the financial crisis plaguing. He subsequently introduced several economic stimulus packages, with billions upon billions of dollars being spent in an effort to reinvigorate. A country wide cleanup of the. Another. issue which became a prime focus of Obamas presidency was the failing. The government issued financial aid to automotive giants. General Motors and Chrysler, with GM becoming partly controlled by the. During this time, the U. S. was going though a period. Obama quickly began to put resources toward job. Unemployment rates peaked in late 2. Moderate rates of GDP growth and economic expansion. Obamas term. He also. U. S. The most prominent of these was the trillion dollar health reforms. These changes were made to stem the unending growth in healthcare spending. These reforms garnered considerable criticism. Many viewed them as a. Obama began. to pull troops out of Iraq between 2. Iraqi security forces. However, he continued to bolster the U. S. military presence in Afghanistan. Emotiv Research Edition' title='Emotiv Research Edition' />This video shows students setting up the emotiv EEG headsets and engaging in a series of test runs where they looked at the group, each other and the wall. EMOTIV is the pioneer of simple to use, high quality, mobile EEG technologies. Recognized and validated by the scientific community and developers worldwide, our. Introduction. Please note that most of these Brand Names are registered Trade Marks, Company Names or otherwise controlled and their inclusion in this index is. JT5tTTaqA-Q/hqdefault.jpg' alt='Emotiv Research Edition' title='Emotiv Research Edition' />During the first years of his presidency. Obama saw his approval ratings steadily decline, though he remained. His ratings increased slightly. May 2. 01. 1 when he authorised a raid in Pakistan, conducted by US Navy. SEALs, which led to the death of Osama bin Laden. Major. breakthrough in cancer research. In 2. 00. 9. a major landmark in medicine was achieved, as the complete genetic codes. Every possible mutation turning healthy cells cancerous was fully catalogued, paving the way for drug targets that could lead to possible cures. Blood tests to spot tumours would also. The genetic. code for other types of cancer would soon be catalogued too the USA. UK was looking. at breast cancer Japan was studying the liver China the stomach and. India the mouth. The. In 2. 00. 9, after a. This came six years after completion of the Human Genome Project. Given the prevalence of mice in laboratory experiments, it was hoped this could strengthen our understanding. Scientists. engineer new plastics without the use of fossil fuels. In 2. 00. 9, researchers. South Korea developed a one step production process for creating everyday. Prior to this point, almost. These new plastics were also shown to be more environmentally friendly, biodegradable and low. Water. is discovered on the Moon. Lunar. Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite LCROSS was the first U. S. mission to the Moon in over 1. It was designed to relay data. Centaur, hitting a large crater near the Moons south pole. The probe. impacted successfully, with a velocity of about 1. The plume of debris thrown up by the craft revealed significant amounts. Credits ISRONASAJPL CaltechUSGSBrown. Univ. Kepler searches for Earth like planets. In March 2. 00. 9, the Kepler space telescope was launched by NASA. It became the first. Earth sized and smaller extrasolar planets. It was designed to observe. The mission had been hoped to work perfectly until 2. Telecom Fundamentals Ebook here. Nevertheless, Kepler continued to return a wealth of data, with 1. Discovery. of the first exoplanet that could hold liquid water. In. 2. 00. 9, astronomers at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona discovered the exoplanet GJ 1. Earth. orbiting a red dwarf star around 4. This. was the first planet outside our own Solar System with the possibility. Although direct confirmation was lacking. Some scientists proposed that it could. Europa, only. on a scale much larger than Earth. This discovery increased the probability. Size comparison of Earth left, GJ 1. Neptune right. Credit Aldaron CC BY SA 3. Mercury. is 9. 8 mapped. The MESSENGER probe, launched by NASA in 2. Mercury in 2. 00. It also revealed higher than expected amounts of heavy metals. Data also revealed changing seasons on the planet, in. Mercurys tenuous atmosphere. In 2. 00. 9, a company called Emotiv released a headset. Sensors on the headset could. Credit Emotiv. 3D. For many years, 3. D scanning had been available for use in. CADprototyping, architecture, engineering, movie. Other applications had included reconstructing fossils in paleontology, replicating ancient. A significant barrier to 3. D scanning had been the expense, bulkiness and inconvenience of traditional equipment. This made it difficult. In 2. 00. 9, however, a new generation of smaller, cheaper and more portable devices emerged. One such. company driving this change was David Vision Systems, which unveiled a pocket sized. D laser scanner. This could be used. D objects including the users own face, for. Scanned objects could also be used in combination with 3. D printing to physically reproduce items. Credit David. Vision Systems. The. tallest man made structure in history is completed. With 1. 63. floors, rising to a height of 8. Burj Khalifa became the tallest structure ever built, shattering. The decision. to build the tower was based on the UAE governments aim to diversify. According to officials, it was necessary for projects like this to be. Construction. of the tower aroused controversy, with. US5 per day. Scores of new office towers, hotels and luxury resorts were being built all over Dubai during this period, making. As well as the. Burj Khalifa, some of these megaprojects included. Palm. Islands a series of enormous artificial islands on which major. Africas. population reaches one billion. In just 2. 7 years, from 1. African continents. It was forecast to double again by. Among the main reasons for this explosive growth had been a lack. Timurk Dreamstime. Intelligence amplification Wikipedia. Intelligence amplification IA also referred to as cognitive augmentation and machine augmented intelligence refers to the effective use of information technology in augmenting human intelligence. The idea was first proposed in the 1. IA is sometimes contrasted with AI artificial intelligence, that is, the project of building a human like intelligence in the form of an autonomous technological system such as a computer or robot. AI has encountered many fundamental obstacles, practical as well as theoretical, which for IA seem moot, as it needs technology merely as an extra support for an autonomous intelligence that has already proven to function. Moreover, IA has a long history of success, since all forms of information technology, from the abacus to writing to the Internet, have been developed basically to extend the information processing capabilities of the human mind see extended mind and distributed cognition. Major contributionseditWilliam Ross Ashby Intelligence AmplificationeditThe term intelligence amplification IA has enjoyed a wide currency since William Ross Ashby wrote of amplifying intelligence in his Introduction to Cybernetics 1. Related ideas were explicitly proposed as an alternative to Artificial Intelligence by Hao Wang from the early days of automatic theorem provers. Take, for instance, any popular book of problems and puzzles. Almost every one can be reduced to the form out of a certain set, indicate one element. It is, in fact, difficult to think of a problem, either playful or serious, that does not ultimately require an appropriate selection as necessary and sufficient for its solution. It is also clear that many of the tests used for measuring intelligence are scored essentially according to the candidates power of appropriate selection. Thus it is not impossible that what is commonly referred to as intellectual power may be equivalent to power of appropriate selection. Indeed, if a talking Black Box were to show high power of appropriate selection in such mattersso that, when given difficult problems it persistently gave correct answerswe could hardly deny that it was showing the behavioral equivalent of high intelligence. If this is so, and as we know that power of selection can be amplified, it seems to follow that intellectual power, like physical power, can be amplified. Let no one say that it cannot be done, for the gene patterns do it every time they form a brain that grows up to be something better than the gene pattern could have specified in detail. What is new is that we can now do it synthetically, consciously, deliberately. Ashby, W. R., An Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman and Hall, London, UK, 1. Reprinted, Methuen and Company, London, UK, 1. J. C. R. Licklider Man Computer SymbiosiseditMan Computer Symbiosis is a key speculative paper published in 1. J. C. R. Licklider, which envisions that mutually interdependent, living together, tightly coupled human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each others strengths to a high degree Man computer symbiosis is a subclass of man machine systems. There are many man machine systems. At present, however, there are no man computer symbioses. The purposes of this paper are to present the concept and, hopefully, to foster the development of man computer symbiosis by analyzing some problems of interaction between men and computing machines, calling attention to applicable principles of man machine engineering, and pointing out a few questions to which research answers are needed. The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly, and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information handling machines we know today. Licklider, J. C. R., Man Computer Symbiosis, IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, vol. HFE 1, 4 1. 1, Mar 1. In Lickliders vision, many of the pure artificial intelligence systems envisioned at the time by over optimistic researchers would prove unnecessary. This paper is also seen by some historians as marking the genesis of ideas about computer networks which later blossomed into the Internet. Douglas Engelbart Augmenting Human IntellecteditLickliders research was similar in spirit to his DARPA contemporary and protgDouglas Engelbart. Both had a view of how computers could be used that was both at odds with the then prevalent views which saw them as devices principally useful for computations, and key proponents of the way in which computers are now used as generic adjuncts to humans. Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge work. Engelbarts philosophy and research agenda is most clearly and directly expressed in the 1. Augmenting Human Intellect A Conceptual Framework1 The concept of network augmented intelligence is attributed to Engelbart based on this pioneering work. Increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems. Increased capability in this respect is taken to mean a mixture of the following more rapid comprehension, better comprehension, the possibility of gaining a useful degree of comprehension in a situation that previously was too complex, speedier solutions, better solutions, and the possibility of finding solutions to problems that before seemed insolvable. And by complex situations we include the professional problems of diplomats, executives, social scientists, life scientists, physical scientists, attorneys, designers whether the problem situation exists for twenty minutes or twenty years. We do not speak of isolated clever tricks that help in particular situations. We refer to a way of life in an integrated domain where hunches, cut and try, intangibles, and the human feel for a situation usefully co exist with powerful concepts, streamlined terminology and notation, sophisticated methods, and high powered electronic aids. Engelbart, D. C., Augmenting Human Intellect A Conceptual Framework, Summary Report AFOSR 3. Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA, October 1. Engelbart subsequently implemented these concepts in his Augmented Human Intellect Research Center at SRI International, developing essentially an intelligence amplifying system of tools NLS and co evolving organizational methods, in full operational use by the mid 1. As intended,2 his R D team experienced increasing degrees of intelligence amplification, as both rigorous users and rapid prototype developers of the system. For a sampling of research results, see their 1. Mother of All Demos. Later contributionseditWithin the concept of biological intelligence amplification.